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  • <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">亚硝酸盐(<span>NO2-N</span>)是氮循环的中间产物,不稳定。根据水环境条件,可被氧化成硝酸盐,也可被还原成氨。亚硝酸盐可使人体正常的血红蛋白(低铁血红蛋白)氧化成为高铁血红蛋白,发生高铁血红蛋白症,失去血红蛋白在体内输送氧的能力,出现组织缺氧的症状。亚硝酸盐可与仲胺类反应生成具致癌性的亚硝胺类物质,在<span>pH</span>值较低的酸性条件下,有利于亚硝胺类的形成。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">水中亚硝酸盐的测定方法通常采用重氮<span>-</span>偶联反应,使生成红紫色染料。方法灵敏,选择性强。所用重氮和偶联试剂种类较多,最常用的,前者为对氨基苯磺酰胺和对氨基苯磺酸,后者为<span>N-</span>(<span>1</span>萘基)<span>-</span>乙二胺和а<span>-</span>萘胺。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">亚硝酸盐在水中可受微生物等作用而很不稳定,在采集后应尽快进行分析,必要时以冷藏抑制微生物的影响。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:&#10;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、方法原理</span></h2>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">在磷酸介质中,<span>pH</span>值为<span>1.8</span>±<span>0.3</span>时,亚硝酸盐与对氨基苯磺酰胺反应,生成重氮盐,再与<span>N-</span>(<span>1-</span>萘基)<span>-</span>乙二胺偶联生成红色染料。在<span>540nm</span>波长处有最大吸收。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:&#10;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、干扰及消除</span></h2>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">氯胺、氯、硫代硫酸盐、聚磷酸钠和高铁离子有明显干扰。水样呈碱性(<span>pH</span>≥<span>11</span>时),可加酚酞溶液为指示剂,滴加磷酸溶液至红色消失。水样有颜色或悬浮物,可加氢氧化铝悬浮液并过滤。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:&#10;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">3</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、方法的适用范围</span></h2>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">本法适用于饮用水、地面水、地下水、生活污水和工业废水中亚硝酸盐的测定。最低检出浓度为<span>0.003mg/L</span>;测定上限为<span>0.20mg/L</span>亚硝酸盐氮。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">4、仪器</span></h2>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">分光光度计。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">5、试剂</span></h2>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">实验用水均为不含亚硝酸盐的水。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">1</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、无亚硝酸盐的水:于蒸馏水中加入少许高锰酸钾晶体,使呈红色,再加氢氧化钡(或氢氧化钙)使呈碱性。置全玻璃蒸馏器中蒸馏。弃去<span>50ml</span>初馏液,收集中间约<span>70%</span>不含锰的馏出液。亦可于每升蒸馏水中加<span>1ml</span>浓硫酸和<span>0.2ml</span>硫酸锰溶液(每<span>100ml</span>水中含<span>36.4gMnSO4</span>·<span>H2O</span>),加入<span>1-3ml0.04%</span>高锰酸钾溶液呈红色,重蒸馏。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">2</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、磷酸(ρ<span>=1.70g/ml</span>)。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">3</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、显色剂:于<span>500ml</span>烧杯内,置于<span>250ml</span>水和<span>50ml</span>磷酸,加入<span>20.0g</span>对氨基苯磺酰胺。再将<span>1.00gN-</span>(<span>1-</span>萘基)<span>-</span>乙二胺二盐酸溶于上述溶液中,转移至<span>500ml</span>容量瓶中,用水稀释至标线,混匀。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">此溶液贮于棕色瓶中,保存在<span>2-5<span><span>℃</span></span><span>,至少可稳定一个月。</span></span></span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">注意:本试剂有毒性,避免与皮肤接触或吸入体内。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">4</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液:称取<span> 1.232g</span>亚硝酸钠(<span>NaNO2</span>)溶于<span>150ml</span>水中,转移至<span>1000ml</span>容量瓶中,用水稀释至标线,每毫升含约<span>0.25mg</span>亚硝酸盐氮。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">本溶液贮于棕色瓶中,加入<span>1ml</span>三氯甲烷,保存在<span>2~5<span><span>℃</span></span><span>,至少可稳定一个月。贮备液的标定如下:</span></span></span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">在<span>300ml</span>具塞锥形瓶中,移入<span>50.00ml0.050mol/L</span>高锰酸钾溶液,<span>5ml</span>浓硫酸,用<span>50ml</span>无分度吸管,使下端插入高锰酸钾溶液液面下,加入<span>50.00ml</span>亚硝酸钠标准贮备液,轻轻摇匀,置于水浴上加热至<span>70~80<span><span>℃</span></span><span>,按每次10.00ml</span></span>的量加入足够的草酸钠标准溶液,使红色褪去并过量,记录草酸钠标准溶液用量(<span>V2</span>)。然后用高锰酸钾标准溶液滴定过量草酸钠至溶液呈微红色,记录高锰酸钾标准溶液总用量(<span>V1</span>)。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">再以<span>50ml</span>水代替亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液,如上操作,用草酸钠标准溶液标定高锰酸钾溶液的浓度(<span>c1</span>)。按下式计算高锰酸钾标准溶液浓度:</span></p>
    <p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"><span>亚硝酸盐氮的测定方法</span></span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">按下式计算亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液的浓度:</span></p>
    <p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"><span>亚硝酸盐氮的测定方法</span></span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">式中:<span>c1</span>——经标定的高锰酸钾标准溶液的浓度(<span>mol/L</span>);<span>V1</span>——滴定亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液时,加入高锰酸钾标准溶液总量(<span>ml</span>);<span>V2</span>——滴定亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液时,加入草酸钠标准溶液总量(<span>ml</span>);<span>V3</span>——滴定水时,加入高锰酸钾标准溶液总量(<span>ml</span>);<span>V4</span>——滴定空白时,加入草酸钠标准溶液总量(<span>ml</span>);<span>7.00</span>——亚硝酸盐氮(<span>1/2N</span>)的摩尔质量(<span>g/mol</span>);<span>50.00</span>——亚硝酸盐标准贮备液取用量(<span>ml</span>);<span>0.0500</span>——草酸钠标准溶液浓度(<span>1/2Na2C2O4</span>,<span>mol/L</span>)。</span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;"><span>    </span>5</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、亚硝酸盐氮标准中间液:分取适量亚硝酸盐氮标准贮备液(使含<span>12.5mg</span>亚硝酸盐氮),置于<span>250ml</span>容量瓶中,用水稀释至标线。此溶液每毫升含<span>50.0</span>ч<span>g</span>亚硝酸盐氮。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">中间液贮于棕色瓶内,保存在<span>2~5<span><span>℃</span></span><span>,可稳定一周。</span></span></span></p>
    <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;"><span>    </span>6</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、亚硝酸盐氮标准使用液:取<span>10.00ml</span>亚硝酸盐氮标准中间液,置于<span>500ml</span>容量瓶中,用水稀释至标线。每毫升含<span>1.00</span>ч<span>g</span>亚硝酸盐氮。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">此溶液使用时,当天配制。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">7</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、氢氧化铝悬浮液:溶解<span>125g</span>硫酸铝钾<span>[ KAl</span>(<span>SO4</span>)<span>2</span>·<span>12H2O]</span>或硫酸铝铵<span>[ NH4Al</span>(<span>SO4</span>)<span>2</span>·<span>12H2O]</span>于<span>1000ml</span>水中,加热至<span>60</span>℃,在不断搅拌下,徐徐加入<span>55ml</span>氨水,放置约<span>1</span>小时后,移入<span>1000ml</span>量筒内,用水反复洗涤沉淀,最后至洗涤液中不含亚硝酸盐为止。澄清后,把上清液尽量全部倾出,只留稠的悬浮物,最后加入<span>300ml</span>水,使用前应振荡均匀。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">8</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、高锰酸钾标准溶液(<span>1/5KMnO4</span>,<span>0.0500mol/L</span>):溶解<span>1.6g</span>高锰酸钾于<span>1200ml</span>水中,煮沸<span>0.5~1</span>小时,使体积减少到<span>1000ml</span>左右,放置过夜。用<span>G-3</span>号玻璃砂芯滤吕过滤后,滤液贮存于棕色试剂瓶中避光保存,按上述方法标定。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">9</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、草酸钠标准溶液(<span>1/2Na2C2O4</span>,<span>0.0500mol/L</span>):经<span>105</span>℃烘干<span>2</span>小时的优级纯无水草酸钠<span>3.350g</span>于<span>750ml</span>水中,移入<span>1000ml</span>容量瓶中,稀释至标线。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">6、步骤</span></h2>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">1</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、校准曲线的绘制</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">在一组<span>6</span>支<span>50ml</span>比色管中,分别加入<span>0</span>、<span>1.00</span>、<span>3.00</span>、<span>5.00</span>、<span>7.00</span>和<span>10.00ml</span>亚硝酸盐标准使用液,用水稀释至标线。加入<span>1.0ml</span>显色剂,密塞,混匀。静置<span>20min</span>后,在<span>2</span>小时以内,于波长<span>540nm</span>处,用光程长<span>10mm</span>的比色皿,以水为参比,测量吸光度。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">从测得的吸光度,减去零浓度空白管的吸光度后,获得校正吸光度,绘制以氮含量(ц<span>g</span>)对校正吸光度的标准曲线。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">2</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、水样的测定</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">当水样<span>pH</span>≥<span>11</span>时,可加入<span>1</span>滴酚酞指示液,边搅拌边逐滴加入(<span>1+9</span>)磷酸溶液,至红色刚消失。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">水样如有颜色和悬浮物,可向每<span>100ml</span>水中加入<span>2ml</span>氢氧化铝悬浮液,搅拌,静置,过滤,弃去<span>25ml</span>初滤液。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">分取经预处理的水样入<span>50ml</span>比色管中(如含量较高,则分取适量,用水稀释至标线),加<span>1.0ml</span>显色剂,然后按校准曲线绘制的相同步骤操作,测量吸光度。经空白校正后,从校准曲线上查得亚硝酸盐氮量。</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">3</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&#10;仿宋_GB2312">、空白试验</span></p>
    <p style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">用实验用水代替水样,按相同步骤进行全程序测定。</span></p>
    <h2 style="text-indent:21.0pt;char"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">7、计算</span></h2>
    <p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"><span>亚硝酸盐氮的测定方法</span></span></p>
    <span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">式中,<span>m</span>——由水样中测得的校正吸光度,从校准曲线上查得相应的亚硝酸盐氮的含量(ц<span>g</span>);<span>V</span>——水样的体积(<span>ml</span>)。</span>


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