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<h2 style="none"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">一、方法原理</span></h2>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">许多江河在雨季由于地面大量泥砂和各种污染物被雨水冲刷，使水中悬浮物大量增加，地面水中存在悬浮物使水体浑浊，降低透明度，影响水生生物的呼吸和代谢，甚至造成鱼类窒息死亡。悬浮物多时，还可能造成河道阻塞。造纸、皮革、冲渣、选矿、湿法粉碎和喷淋除尘等工业操作中产生大量含无机、有机的悬浮物废水。因此，在水和废水处理中，测定悬浮物具有特定意义。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">总不可滤残渣（悬浮物）是指不能通过滤器的固体物。当用滤纸或石棉坩埚法测定时，由于滤孔大小对测定结果有很大影响，两种方法所得结果与滤膜法有出入，报告结果时，应注明测定方法。石棉坩埚法通常用于测定含酸或碱浓度较高的水样的悬浮物。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">从总残渣减去总不滤残法也可得到总不可滤残渣的含量。</span></p>
<h3 style="none"><span style="font-size: font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">A</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、滤膜法</span></h3>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">方法原理</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">用滤膜过滤水样，经<span>103-105<span><span>℃</span></span><span>烘干后得到总不可滤残渣（悬浮物）含量。</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">仪器</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、称量瓶，内径<span>30-50mm</span>。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、滤膜、孔径为<span> 0.45</span>ч<span>m</span>及相应的滤器。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">步骤</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、将<span>1</span>张滤膜放在称量瓶中，打开瓶盖，每次在<span>103-105<span><span>℃</span></span><span>烘干2</span></span>小时，取出，放冷后盖好瓶盖称重，直至恒重为止（两次称重相差不超出<span>0.0005g</span>）。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、分取除去悬浮物后，振荡均匀的适量水样（使含总不可滤残渣大于<span>2.5mg</span>），通过上面称至恒重的滤膜过滤；用蒸馏水冲洗残渣<span>3~5</span>次。如样品中含油脂，用<span>10ml</span>石油醚分两次淋洗残渣。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">3</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、小心取下滤膜，放入原称量瓶内，在<span>103-105<span><span>℃</span></span><span>烘箱内，打开瓶盖，每次烘2</span></span>小时取出，放冷后盖好瓶盖称重，直到恒重为止。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">计算</span></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;"><span style="-12.0pt">
</span></span></p>
<p style="none"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">式中，<span>A</span>——总不可滤残渣<span>+</span>滤膜及称量瓶重（<span>g</span>）；<span>B</span>——滤膜及称量瓶重（<span>g</span>）；</span></p>
<p style="none"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family: 仿宋_GB2312"><span> </span>V</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">——水样体积（<span>ml</span>）。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">注意事项</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">1</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、树枝、水草、鱼等杂质应从水样中去除。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">2</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">、废水粘度高时，可加<span>2-4</span>倍蒸馏水稀释，振荡均匀，待沉淀物下降后再过滤。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">滤纸法</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">方法原理、步骤和计算均与滤膜法相同。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">采用中速定量滤纸为滤料，用前应先用蒸馏水洗滤纸，以除去可溶性物质，再烘干至恒重。</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:21.0pt;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">计算</span></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;yes"><span>
</span></span></p>
<span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:仿宋_GB2312;">式中，<span>A</span>——总不可滤残渣<span>+</span>石棉坩埚重（<span>g</span>）；<span>B</span>——石棉坩埚重（<span>g</span>）；<span>V</span>——水样体积（<span>ml</span>）。</span>
